With the aim to elucidate the evolution of endometrial condition after Caslick’s and Pouret’s procedures they were performed in two groups formed by 7 mares with history of subfertility and mares with pneumovagina problems that could justify by their vulvar conformation that kind of surgeries. The evaluation of endometrial condition was performed by biopsy, done just before surgery and 15 and 60 days after the postoperative period and by fertility rates evaluation in both gro

The flexural limb deformities are defined as the restriction of a joint in the flexion position or the inability to extend it. Equine flexural deformities are classified as congenital or acquired after birth. In many cases, the only abnormal finding is a reduction of the movement of the affected joint. Palpation of the involved tendons combined with radiographic evaluation is important in confirming a diagnosis. The affected horses may be submitted to clinical or surgical the

Stallion sperm analysis is indicated for infertility diagnosis, pre-sale expertise, production of fresh or frozen doses, and frozen straw quality control. Various collection methods are described, and numerous assays can be performed on semen. Determining an approach for each of these cases is challenging. This review aims to discuss how to obtain relevant clinical results, answering stallion owners’ concerns. Semen can be collected with an artificial vagina on a phantom or a

Embryo transfer (ET) is an accepted and successful technique for obtaining foals from mares without interrupting their competition careers. Recent research, however, suggests that the potential of factors including heat, exercise, repeated embryo flushing and repeated manipulation of the reproductive cycle using exogenous hormones to have a negative impact on fertility may have been underestimated. This paper reviews the evidence base for involvement of these factors in repea

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental for sperm cell physiology, participating in important fertilization events, as well as acrosome reaction, capacitation and hyperactivation. However, when there is an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant capacity, an oxidative stress process is established. Equine sperm are more susceptible to oxidative stress because they have high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS) in the membranes. These unsaturations are

Neonatal septicemia is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in horses in their first seven days of life and within their pathophysiology. It is important to consider the extrinsic and intrinsic predisposing factors which make foals susceptible to agents of primarily bacterial etiology. However, other types of infectious etiology (viruses and fungi) should be considered too, as well as noninfectious etiologies. The paper mentions a wide variety of mechanisms that produce d